2017年7月27日星期四

No More Metal: Airstream Goes Fiberglass With ‘Nest’ Camper

Airstream claims its latest offering, the Nest, is aerodynamic, lightweight, and strong.

The company known for shiny aluminum tow-behind campers strays from its bread and butter with a different production material: Fiberglass.

The Airstream Nest, expected early 2018, will be constructed from fiberglass, a lightweight and durable material. Specific details about the weight of the camper have yet to release, but it looks light and small. Subaru owners rejoice.

While the renderings and images are conceptual and early prototypes, Airstream is going minimal with the overall aesthetic.

Details about price and the interior have yet to release. Although, if it is priced similarly to Airstream’s other small trailers, expect to shell out a few $10,000 bills.

Airstream Nest: Fiberglass Pull-Behind
In the 1950s, Wally Byam, founder of Airstream, experimented with fiberglass campers. The concept is nothing new, but the consumer interest is high for modern and minimalist campers.

Airstream molds the shell of the Nest in three pieces: The top half, bottom half, and rear. Rounded edges and small size improve aerodynamics.

Expect big panoramic windows and a decent sized living space for one to two people. It measures 16-feet long.

At just 1,100 pounds, the Happier Camper can be towed by many small cars, yet still packs a lot into the small trailer. Read more about fiberglass chopped strand mat.

The bulk demographic will be mid-sized SUVs. Although, if its anything less than 2,700 lbs, you’ll be able to take this trailer along for the ride in your Subaru Outback. Be sure to check back as additional plans release for the Nest.



2016年6月28日星期二

What Is The Hand Lay-Up Process?

What Is The Hand Lay-Up Process?

1.1. What Is The Hand Lay-Up Process? Hand Lay-up is fabrication process of FRP products (Fiber Reinforced Plastic). The FRP is composite material of Resin and Fiberglass strand or Fiberglass Mat. It involved building up layers of chopped glass or woven glass chopped strand mat impregnated with catalyzed resin around a suitable mould. The reinforcement is then rolled for better wet-out and removing trapped air.

1.2. Steps of Hand lay-up process Hand lay-up process is an open mold process. It is a simple process to manufacturing of FRP products Preparing Mold:- We take mold and removing any dust and dirt from mold. The mold material may be plaster, wood or new fiberglass, apply soft wax, P.V.A. and buff with soft towel.
· Applying Resin:- Resin is applied on mold by the brush. The brush is move like to painting of wall.
· Lay-up of Fiberglass:- Brush is applied of resin on mold then chopped fiber glass strands spread or chopped strand mat for hand lay-up over the resin layer
· Applying Resin:- Again apply the resin layer over the glass strand layer by using brush.
· Squeeze Action:- Second layer of resin is applied then roller is move over the layers of resin-fiberglass-resin, for removing the air between in layers. This action called squeeze action. This squeeze action also used for compact the product.

· Remold :- Lastly the sheet is removing from mold for hardening of sheet, the left in air at room temperature. And remold product is final of a corrugated fiber roofing sheet.We ask that authors follow some simple guidelines. In essence, we ask you to make your paper look exactly like this document. The easiest way to do this is simply to download the template, and replace the content with your own material.

2016年6月20日星期一

FIBERGLASS VAN FLOOR KIT (including fiberglass chopped strand mat)

To make, lay, or laminate your own GRP van or truck floor it couldn’t be easier, all you need is a simple GRP fibreglass roof kit and these are sold with literally everything you need including tools, so it’s just a matter of measuring up your van floor and buying the correct size kit, simple. You may get a common choice of weight (thickness) i.e. 300g (1oz) or 450g (1.5oz), and either of these is absolutely fine.
If your looking to customise your requirements and want to buy your fibreglass in non kit form you will need to think about coverage, so here are the two most common weights of CSM and what coverage you can expect…

300g CSM fiberglass chopped strand mat requires approximately 1.5 litres of resin per square metre to cover.
450g requires 2 litres of resin per square metre.

Topcoat (colour or flowcoat) coverage is about half a litre per square metre.

More detail about chopped strand mat, please visit our website: www.zccyfiberglass.com

2016年5月26日星期四

CHOOSING THE RIGHT WEIGHT OF CSM (CHOPPED STRAND MAT) FIBREGLASS MATTING

(Article from Fixmyroof)

You may find all sorts of suggestions from fibreglass suppliers of what weight of fibreglass CSM (CHOPPED STRAND MAT) mat to use on your roof. Some don’t say, some say 450g, some 600g or others say double laminate 300g or 450g. In the end it turns into a “mines bigger then yours” contest devoid of all logic and reason. The simple truth is there are guessing because they want the best for you but they haven’t seen your roof, it’s size, it’s shape or how well it’s constructed. Some fibreglass suppliers are just suppliers and only that, and some have a history of fibreglassing roofs and can speak from real experience. Here are my suggestions, feel free to use them, ignore them, or improve on them.

  Small roofs – small garages, porches and bays 450g ( 1.5oz)
  Small garage sized roof’s – with foot traffic or medium to large roof 600g ( 2oz )
  Large roofs – i.e. > 50m2 single 600g or possible 450g double laminate for walkways.

  Large roofs – i.e. > 100m2 double 450g laminate

If you want to find fiberglass CSM with good quality and better price, please go to our website, http://www.zccyfiberglass.com, or email me: fred@chinaweibo.com.cn

2015年12月4日星期五

How to Choose the Resin

Resin selection can vary from fabric compatibility, service conditions, and desired characteristics of the finished part. There are generally three types of thermosetting resin to consider when approaching your project: Epoxy, Vinyl Ester, and Polyester. Let’s take a look at each of the choices, their characteristics, and what they should be used for.

1. Epoxy Resin

For composite parts that demand the ultimate strength, fabricators will use an Epoxy Resin. In addition to increased strength properties, epoxies also generally outperform polyester and vinyl ester for dimensional stability and increased bonding with other materials.

Pros: 
Epoxy Resin, High Strength Properties, Can be used in vacuum infusion applications, Easy to handle, Medium viscosity

Cons: 
Cannot be used with chopped strand mat
Not UV stable. This must be paired with a top coat when exposed to UV rays

2. Polyester Resins

Polyester Resins are the most widely used resins in the composites industry. Polyester Resins are less expensive, offer some corrosion resistance, and are more forgiving than epoxies. The majority of all fiberglass parts are constructed using Polyester Resins because they are easy to use, fast curing, and tolerant of temperature and catalyst extremes. Fibre Glast carries two different types of Polyester Resins, each with their own strengths and uses.

POLYESTER MOLDING RESIN
Pros:
Inexpensive, Easy to handle, Rapid wet-out, High thixotropic index (product won’t run on vertical surfaces)

Cons:
lower physical properties compared to more expensive resins

ISOPHTHALIC POLYESTER RESIN
Pros:
Dimensionally stable (minimal shrinkage), resists post cure problems, can be used in food contact applications

Cons:
Slightly more expensive than general purpose polyester resins

3. Vinyl Ester Resin

Vinyl Ester Resin is considered a hybrid of polyester and epoxy—meaning its handling characteristics, properties, and price generally fall just between the other two. It is important to note that, Of the three, vinyl ester resin will provide the highest corrosion resistance, temperature resistance and elongation (toughness.) Because of this, they are typically used when high durability, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance is needed.

Pros:
Vinyl Ester Resin, Extremely tough, corrosion resistant, heat resistant

Cons:
Short shelf life (3 months)

2015年12月2日星期三

A Simple Female Mold Construction with Fiberglass

Composite materials offer ability to be molded to complex shapes is perhaps the most popular. When a shape needs to be reproduced numerous times, it is most efficient to build a tool or mold within which the part can be fabricated. Molded parts emerge perfectly shaped every time and require little post-finishing work.

Molding or “stamping” has been used for years to shape metal products like car bodies, home appliances, and industrial fixtures. Metal stamping dies are cumbersome and cost thousands of dollars to produce. Only large companies can afford to build, operate, store, or even move these tools. Composite materials offer a cost effective way for anyone to make even large production runs of identical plastic parts in molds they can produce themselves.

Female molds or cavity molds offer numerous advantages for medium to large production runs. Finishing time is significantly reduced because every part emerges with a smooth outer surface.
PRODUCTS FOR MOLD CONSTRUCTION 
Duratec Gray Surfacing Primer
Modeling Clay
Parting Wax
PVA Release Film
Tooling Gel Coat
Tooling Fabric
Woven Roving
10 oz Fabric
Polyester Molding Resin

2015年11月19日星期四

Comparison between Fiberglass and Carbon Fiber

Fiber fabric and the resin are the general two parts of composite materials, with the physical properties of the material being fiber dominant. What that means is, when the resin and fiber are combined, their performance will primarily depend upon the fiber used. Test data shows that the fiber reinforcement is the component that will carry the majority of the load within the composite. So what does that mean? Well. Simply put, what fabric you choose is going to matter.

The two most common types of fabric in the industry are fiberglass, and carbon fiber. Both have a wide assortment of usages, and are extremely versatile. How do the two weigh up against each other? While comparing the two, Keep in mind, both fiberglass and carbon fiber will vary depending on the fabric you choose. A lightweight 2 oz Fiberglass Fabric will not have the durability of the more structural 10 oz Fiberglass Fabric. Additionally, the weave of the fabric and the resin used will have a large impact on the strength and properties of your composite product. 

Fiberglass
Fiberglass is the most widely used fiber in the industry, and with good reason. Fiberglass is versatile, easy to handle and relatively inexpensive compared to its counterparts. Fiberglass is perfect for every day projects that are not expected to need the added strength and durability of higher priced fabrics. Fiberglass is compatible with most resins, and comes in a multitude of patterns and weaves.
Carbon Fiber

Carbon Fiber is far and away the premium end for composite materials. With excellent ultimate tensile strength, along with the greatest compressive, flexural, and bend strength in the industry, carbon fiber is the go to on projects that need to be built tough. Carbon Fiber is ideal for projects that need that added “umph” of strength, so long as you can handle the corresponding “umph” to your wallet. With its distinctive design look, carbon fiber is a popular choice in a multitude of industries, including the automotive and aerospace sectors.

More information regarding fiberglass, please visit chopped strand mat manufacturer-wbcomposites.com

2015年11月17日星期二

Glass Fiber VS Carbon Fiber

Glass Fiber and carbon fiber are widely used in composites these years. So what’s the difference between them?

WEIGHT
Glass Fiber Carbon Fiber Comparison So how do the two match up, against each other? For one,  Glass Fiber fabric is much less efficient in it’s density, when compared to it’s composite counterparts. While Glass Fiber is still significantly lighter than conventional materials (wood, steel, etc) for it’s given strength, on weight critical projects carbon fiber will preform much better as a reinforcement.

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
Similarly, carbon fiber will outperform Glass Fiber in it’s tensile strength (the amount of force that needs to be placed on a fiber in order to pull it apart) and compressive strength (the amount of force that presses down on a fiber). However, Glass Fiber is more “durable” in that you can bring Glass Fiber near to it’s breaking point repeatedly without much cause for concern, unlike carbon fiber.

MODE OF FAILURE
Additionally, once carbon fiber reaches it’s breaking point, the mode of failure is catastrophic (it will fracture/shatter the piece.) Glass Fiber on the other hand, will develop cracks or deform before it breaks.

COST
Unfortunately, due to the nature of carbon fibers, it is much more expensive compared to its counterparts. So if your project isn’t weight dependent, and won’t need the excellent strength that comes from carbon fiber, Glass Fiber is a great choice to go with. 

This article is from fiberglass chopped strand mat manufacturer wbcomposites.com .

2015年11月5日星期四

Use GRP for Antwerp Zoo Aquarium’s Renovation


Antwerp Zoo has used these materials for making moulds and grids as part of the renovation work carried out in the aquarium. Thanks to the outstanding properties of glass fibre reinforced plastics they can be used for a wide range of applications.

Glass fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) are composite materials made from glass fibres and resin, where the (glass) fibres give the material its strength and the resin provides resistance to chemicals. Moreover, this combination of materials results in a strong, lightweight material, which is suitable for a wide range of applications, also in salt water environments.

The Antwerp Zoo aquarium is over a hundred years old, making it one of the oldest in Europe. Naturally it has been renovated a number of times, including recently. The time taken to complete the renovation was three years. Glass fibre reinforced plastic played a significant role in this extensive project.

The new, large tank at the rear of the building is the culmination of the entire renovation project and was designed to become the main attraction and crowd-puller for visitors to the aquarium. The tank is 12 metres wide, 6 metres long and 4.5 metres in height. In order to accurately replicate the biotope of the fish, the initial idea was to create a coral reef using blocks of moonstone. But because this was going to weigh approximately 35,000 kilograms, an alternative had to be found. Glass fibre reinforced plastic provided the solution.

It was decided to make the ground structure from plastic with glass fibre reinforced plastic grids fitted on top, over which coral moonstones could be laid. This resulted in the total weight of the structure being reduced to 10,000 kilograms. The second important reason for using a glass fibre reinforced plastic structure was that the tank had to be filled with salt water. This ruled out using metal components. 
Therefore the glass fibre reinforced plastic structures provided the ideal solution. The entire FRP structure is kept in place with plastic anchors and bolts. The grids are fixed to the load-bearing structure by way of a nylon rope.

For the very same reasons, glass fibre reinforced plastic has been used for parts of the aquarium not visible to the visitors. All the tank covers in the aquarium building are also made from FRP.

2015年10月29日星期四

WHY CHOOSE FIBERGLASS POOLS

Fiberglass Pools are an eco-friendly alternative to traditional (concrete) pools. Choosing an Fiberglass Pool is an environmentally responsible choice.

Fiberglass Pools have low embodied energy. Embodied energy is defined as “the total energy required to produce a product from the raw materials through delivery”.

Fiberglass Pools are a great insulator against heat and cold. Fiberglass helps to conserve energy while reducing operating cost.

Fiberglass Pools are made from super durable materials with an indefinite life cycle. This eliminates replacement cost and expensive repairs. You won’t find fiberglass Pools going into a land fill like a broken out concrete structure.

Fiberglass Pools’ main ingredient is fiberglass and fiberglass chopped strand mat which is made from sand that is an abundant resource.

Fiberglass Pools use less chlorine and other chemicals due to the inert smooth interior finish as compared to concrete pools.

Fiberglass Pools do not emit chemicals into the pool water or the soil behind it. Concrete pools emit alkaline, calcium, lye, and other chemicals into the pool water and adjacent soils.

So make your next pool a Fiberglass Pool that will provide your family with a lifetime of enjoyment and will be a beautiful addition to your yard. It will also be an environmentally sustainable green product that will not hurt our precious environment.

2015年10月23日星期五

Composites Keep Building from Falling in Seismic Events


Concrete buildings are losing the battle against nature’s fury – earthquakes. Although they appear sturdy, older concrete buildings are vulnerable to the sideways movement of a major earthquake. Los Angeles officials have known about the dangers for more than 40 years but have failed to force owners to make their properties safer. Therefore, university researchers compiled a list of potentially dangerous concrete buildings within the city. Their findings point to the fact that society needs to deal with retrofitting structures.

So what does this have to do with FRP composites?  Well, everything.

Since the late 1980’s, when glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites were first applied as external strengthening systems to rehabilitate and repair reinforced concrete, the construction industry has embraced these materials as an important tool in the engineers toolbox. Numerous structures have been seismically retrofitted with glass and carbon FRP composites ranging from transportation structures (columns, girders, slabs) to building structures (columns, beams, walls, floors). Both reinforced concrete and unreinforced masonry are the targets.

There are still many more structures that need to be fixed and the market potential is huge. The big challenge is where do society, federal, state, city, county and other local governments find the money to keep the public safe in seismic events. What we do know is this; there is design guidance out there provided by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) on how to design with FRP composites to repair concrete and masonry. There will soon be additional design guidance provided for seismic applications and there are a number of companies already offering these materials and products. Thousands of installations show composites are an engineered solution.

2015年10月21日星期三

New Epoxy Resin 250°F/120°C without Oven or Autoclave

Almost resin cure slowly or need heat. Now, NONA Composites will unveil its new R404/H18 resin system at CAMX 2015.  This new epoxy resin enables room temperature infusion or filament winding followed by a relatively fast (≈ 2-hr) cure without adding any heat (i.e., no oven no autoclave) or an even faster (15-30 min) heat-added cure (250°F/120°C) with no post-cure, to enable faster, larger, and more flexible composite processing for filament wound pressure vessels, marine structures, industrial composites, and even some lower-temperature aerospace composites.

New NONA R404/H18 epoxy resin offers curing and tooling flexibility for a wide range of structures, including large marine infusions and filament wound tanks for energy applications. 

A key application of this new system will be in filament wound tanks for compressed natural gas (CNG) storage and other alternative energy markets. In order to measure the material’s performance beyond standard testing, NONA Composites worked with HyPerComp Engineering Inc. to filament wind and burst test a small composite overwrapped pressure vessel.  An aluminum liner overwrapped with T700 carbon fiber and NONA R404/H18 resin was cured using a 2-hr heat-added cure cycle at 250°F/120°C but without post-cure. (Heat was added due to the aluminum liner heat sink.) The vessel was then burst according to standard in-house HyPerComp Engineering procedures.  The comparison of delivered fiber strength to that predicted by HyPerComp's computer finite element analysis (FEA) was 102%, demonstrating its successful performance in this standard test setup.  The next step is to build and burst test the same tank using a 15-min heated cure, as NONA Composites continues working with HyPerComp Engineering to evaluate R404/H18 epoxy’s performance with fiberglass-based filament wound vessels.

In addition to the work in filament wound structures, NONA Composites is demonstrating its R404/H18 epoxy in a 500 ft2 infused hybrid fiberglass and carbon structure. The company will showcase this part production in 2016 as a demonstration of the ability to fabricate larger components more rapidly without an oven or added heat.

2015年10月20日星期二

A New High-temperature Resistance Polymer System

Recently, CRG (Cornerstone Research Group Inc.) has introduced a completely new polymer system that has demonstrated high-temperature resistance like a polyimide (service temp. 300-450°C) as well as ultra-low flammability, heat release and smoke release, yet is similar to two-part epoxy resins in processability and cost. Moreover, these systems cure to a thermoplastic state at temperatures below 110 °C, cross-link to a thermoset at temperatures above 110 °C and can be converted to an almost pure carbon material at higher temperatures.

MG Resins can be combined with fiber reinforcement using conventional processing techniques, offering the potential for low-cost, high temperature structural composites. Water is the only volatile generated, thus processing does require management of porosity, similar to condensation-reaction polymers like phenolics and polyimides. However, initial testing of MG Resin composites shows an order of magnitude lower heat release vs. phenolics.

MG 1000 test samples were made using glass and carbon fiber fabrics and carbon fiber felt using vacuum infusion and hand layup. Carbon fiber panels and carbon felt panels were autoclave cured at 200-250°C and 100 psi with a 2-hr post-cure at either 250°C or 315°C. Glass fiber specimens were oven-cured at 250°C. MG 3000 test samples were prepared in a similar manner. Syntactic test panels were also produced using milled fiber and resin in an effort to explore low-density materials for potential use in ablative and thermal protection systems (TPS) for spacecraft. Overall, the resulting composites processed well, though further optimization of polymer formulations, processing and cure cycles is ongoing to reduce void content. Programs are also in progress to fully characterize the MG 1000 and MG 3000 resin systems and composite laminates.

2015年10月19日星期一

E-glass Fiber Showed in IBEX 2015

International Boatbuilders’ Exhibition & Conference (IBEX) 2015 was held Sep. 14-16 in Louisville, KY. The show drew 4,700 attendees and 545 exhibitors, 110 of which were new to IBEX

COMPOSITE FABRICS OF AMERICA showed samples of new hybrid fabrics that not only offer toughness, but also truly unique aesthetics. The 2x2 twill at left features 3K carbon, aramid and E-glass fibers in a 7.3 oz (248 gsm) areal weight fabric while the 3K carbon fiber/Innegra S houndstooth at right is a 218 gsm fabric.
MAHOGANY COMPANY celebrates its 75th anniversary this year and highlighted its prefabricated sandwich panels made with a variety of skin materials, including carbon fiber, carbon fiber/E-glass hybrids and KEVLAR aramid fiber/E-glass hybrids. The panels can be cut to net-shape and kitted for boatbuilder use as doors, bulkheads, floors/soles and more. Panel skins most often feature quadraxial and biaxial noncrimp fabrics, but the company’s 4’ x 8’ and 5’ x 10’ presses are amenable to a wide range of materials, depending on customers’ needs for weight and labor savings. Renowned builder Viking Yachts is using lightweight composite panels from Mahogany in all of its models to reduce weight and boost performance.
Mahogany Company’s prefabricated composite sandwich panels with carbon fiber and hybrid skins (left).  Viking Yachts uses a variety of Mahogany composite panels, for example in the Viking 92 bulkheads (right), to reduce weight and boost performance.

2015年10月16日星期五

Glass Fiber in Composite Material

SICHUAN SINCERE & LONG-TERM COMPLEX MATERIALS CO.,LTD. is a modern high-tech corporation which is professionally engaging in the glass fiber products exploring, designing,producing and application. The structural properties of composite materials are derived primarily from the fiber reinforcement. In a composite, the fiber, held in place by the matrix resin, contributes high tensile strength, enhancing performance properties in the final part, such as strength and stiffness, while minimizing finished component weight.

Fiber properties are determined by the fiber manufacturing process, the fiber's chemical constituents and the coating chemistries that adapt the fiber for adhesion to the resin matrix and protect it during further processing.


The vast majority of all fibers used in the composites industry are glass. Glass fibers are the oldest and, by far, the most common reinforcement used in most end-market applications (the aerospace industry is a significant exception) to replace heavier metal parts. Glass fiber weighs more than the second most common reinforcement, carbon fiber, and is not as stiff, but is more impact-resistant and has a greater elongation-to-break (that is, it elongates to a greater degree before it breaks). Depending upon the glass type, filament diameter, coating chemistry and fiber form, a wide range of properties and performance levels can be achieved.

During glass fiber production, raw materials are melted and drawn into delicate and highly abrasive filaments, ranging in diameter from 3.5 to 24 μm. Silica sand is the primary raw ingredient, typically accounting for more than 50% of glass fiber weight. Metal oxides and other ingredients can be added to the silica and processing methods can be varied to customize the fibers for particular applications.

Glass filaments are supplied in bundles called strands. A strand is a collection of continuous glass filaments. Roving generally refers to a bundle of untwisted strands, packaged, like thread, on a large spool. Single-end roving consists of strands that made up of continuous, multiple glass filaments that run the length of the strand. Multiple-end roving contains lengthy but not entirely continuous strands, which are added or dropped in a staggered arrangement during the spooling process. Yarn is a collection of strands that are twisted together.

Different Glass Fibers in Composites

There are different kinds of glass used in composites.  Such as E-glass, S-glass, C-glass. Electrical or E-glass fiber, so named because its chemical composition makes it an excellent electrical insulator, is particularly well suited to applications in which radio-signal transparency is desired, such as aircraft radomes, antennae and printed circuit boards. However, it is also the most economical glass fiber for composites, offering sufficient strength to meet the performance requirements in many applications at a relatively low cost. It has become the standard form of fiberglass, accounting for more than 90% of all glass-fiber reinforcements. At least 50% of E-glass fibers are made up of silica oxide; the balance comprises oxides of aluminum, boron, calcium and/or other compounds, including limestone, fluorspar, boric acid and clay.

When greater strength is desired, high-strength glass, first developed for military applications in the 1960s, is an option. Known by several names — S-glass in the US, R-glass in Europe and T-glass in Japan, its strand tensile strength is approximately 700 ksi, with a tensile modulus of up to 14 Msi. S-glass has appreciably greater silica oxide, aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide content than E-glass and is 40-70% stronger than E-glass.

E-glass and S-glass lose up to half of their tensile strength as temperatures increase from ambient to 540°C, although both fiber types still exhibit generally good strength in this elevated temperature range. Manufacturers are continually tweaking S-glass formulations. A new S-3 UHM (for ultra-high modulus) Glass, for example, was introduced by AGY (Aiken, SC, US) in 2012. The new S-3 glass has a tensile modulus of 14,359 — higher than S-glass and 40% higher than E-glass — due to improved fiber manufacturing as well as proprietary additives and melt chemistry. 

Although glass fibers have relatively high chemical resistance, they can be eroded by leaching action when exposed to water. For example, an E-glass filament 10μ in diameter typically loses 0.7% of its weight when placed in hot water for 24 hours. The erosion rate, however, slows significantly becuase the leached glass forms a protective barrier on the outside of the filament; only 0.9% total weight loss occurs after seven days of exposure. To slow erosion, moisture-resistant sizings, such as silane compounds, are applied during fiber manufacturing.

Corrosion-resistant glass, known as C-glass or E-CR glass, stands up better to an acid solution than does E-glass. However, E-glass and S-glass are much more resistant to sodium carbonate solution (a base) than is C-glass. A boron-free glass fiber, with performance and price comparable to E-glass, demonstrates greater corrosion resistance in acidic environments (similar to that of E-CR glass), higher elastic modulus and better performance in high temperatures than does E-glass. In addition, taking boron out of the manufacturing process produces fewer environmental impacts, a decided advantage.